Objective: Even when critically ill patients are almost certain to die from their illnesses, there is generally an element of prognostic uncertainty. Little is known about how physicians handle this uncertainty in conversations with surrogate decision makers. We sought to evaluate whether and how physicians discuss prognostic uncertainty with surrogate decision makers of patients who are highly likely, but not certain, to die. Design: We audiotaped and transcribed discussions between clinicians and surrogate decision makers at two major California teaching hospitals (...) from 2006 through 2008. Physicians completed a questionnaire addressing their prognostic estimates for patients' survival to hospital discharge. Participants: We included physicians and surrogates of 12 incapacitated, critically ill patients. Measurements: We analyzed transcripts of discussions in which physicians' estimates of patients' chances of hospital survival were 1% to 5%; we coded whether physicians disclosed the prognostic uncertainty and, if so, how they conveyed that death was highly likely but not certain. Results: Physicians' estimates of short-term survival were 1% to 5% for 12 of the 70 patients enrolled in the original study. In 8 of 12 cases, physicians conveyed prognostic uncertainty by using probabilistic language or by an explicit mention of uncertainty. In four cases, physicians made at least one statement that either implied or was ambiguous about whether death was certain. Conclusion: We observed variability in how physicians handle prognostic uncertainty in their discussions with surrogates of patients who are highly likely, but not certain, to die, including some circumstances in which physicians stated or implied that death was certain. (shrink)

이 글에서는 「지언의의」 분석을 통해 호굉과 주희의 철학체계를 세계관, 심성론, 수양론 관점에서 비교하였다. 세계관 측면에서 호굉은 세계를 관계성의 총체인 도(道)로 파악하고 선악의 기준으로 규정할 수 없다고 생각하였다. 주희는 세계를 선악의 선천적 기준이 내재화되어 있다는 의미에서 칙(則)으로 파악하였다. 심성론 측면에서 호굉은 심성의 관계를 ‘성체심용(性體心用)’으로 규정하여 성(性)과 심(心)을 각각 존재론적 위상과 개체적 위상에 놓았다. 주희는 심성의 관계를 ‘심주성정(心主性情)’으로 규정하여 본성은 존재의 근거로, 감정은 개체들의 세상에 대한 관계 방식[達道]으로, 마음은 개체의 수양 주체로 설정하였다. 수양론 측면에서 호굉은 선한 양심의 싹이 발현하는 단서[仁의 本體]를 살펴서 (...) 그 싹을 키우고 확충하는 ‘치찰존양(致察存養)’의 방법을 제시하였다. 주희는 마음의 의식화 이전 단계부터의 수양인 함양(涵養)을 강조하면서 미발과 이발의 영속적인 마음 상태를 통해 수양의 주체를 기획하였다. 이와 같이 「지언의의」 분석을 통해, 주희가 호굉을 맹렬히 비판하고 있음에도 불구하고 호굉 또한 내적으로 완결된 철학 체계를 구축하였음을 알 수 있다. (shrink)

본 연구에서는 호굉의 유학적 세계관에서 유래하는 도(道) 개념을 고찰하고, 호굉의 도가와 불교 비판을 살펴보았다. 호굉은 우리가 살아가고 있는 이 세계를 사물들이 쉼 없이 변화하는 역(易)의 세계로 파악하였다. 역(易)은 세계를 구성하는 다양한 사물들 사이의 쉼 없이 이루어지는 상호 영향, 상호 의존을 의미한다. 역의 세계에 기반한 호굉의 도는 삶에서의 구체적인 소통과 삶의 기술이며, 사물의 체용관계에서 가장 근본적인 체(體)로 사유되었다. 한편 호굉은 도와 사물의 체용관계에 입각하여 노자의 도와 인의(仁義) 관계를 부정하였고, 도가의 유무(有無) 도식의 존재론적 생성 개념을 비판하였다. 또한 호굉은 현실 세계를 철저히 긍정하여 (...) 나와 사물과의 구체적 관계에서 참됨을 실현하고 현실에서 일어나는 삶과 죽음(生死)을 자연스러운 것으로 여겼으며, 현실을 떠난 진리를 추구하고 생사의 문제에 천착하는 것을 불교의 병폐라고 비판하였다. (shrink)

BackgroundSelf-report multiple choice questionnaires have been widely utilized to quantitatively measure one’s personality and psychological constructs. Despite several strengths, self-report multiple choice questionnaires have considerable limitations in nature. With the rise of machine learning and Natural language processing, researchers in the field of psychology are widely adopting NLP to assess psychological construct to predict human behaviors. However, there is a lack of connections between the work being performed in computer science and that of psychology due to small data sets and (...) unvalidated modeling practices.AimsThe current article introduces the study method and procedure of phase II which includes the interview questions for the five-factor model of personality developed in phase I. This study aims to develop the interview and open-ended questions for the FFM-based personality assessments, specifically designed with experts in the field of clinical and personality psychology, and to collect the personality-related text data using the interview questions and self-report measures on personality and psychological distress. The purpose of the study includes examining the relationship between natural language data obtained from the interview questions, measuring the FFM personality constructs, and psychological distress to demonstrate the validity of the natural language-based personality prediction.MethodsPhase I study was conducted to fifty-nine native Korean adults to acquire the personality-related text data from the interview and open-ended questions based on the FFM of personality. The interview questions were revised and finalized with the feedback from the external expert committee, consisting of personality and clinical psychologists. Based on the established interview questions, a total of 300 Korean adults will be recruited using a convenience sampling method via online survey. The text data collected from interviews will be analyzed using the natural language processing. The results of the online survey including demographic data, depression, anxiety, and personality inventories will be analyzed together in the model to predict individuals’ FFM of personality and the level of psychological distress. (shrink)

BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder is clinically diagnosed; however, quantitative analysis to statistically analyze the symptom severity of children with ADHD via the measurement of head movement is still in progress. Studies focusing on the cues that may influence the attention of children with ADHD in classroom settings, where children spend a considerable amount of time, are relatively scarce. Virtual reality allows real-life simulation of classroom environments and thus provides an opportunity to test a range of theories in a naturalistic and (...) controlled manner. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between participants’ head movements and their reports of inattention and hyperactivity, and to investigate how their head movements are affected by different social cues of different sensory modalities.MethodsThirty-seven children and adolescents with and without ADHD were recruited for this study. All participants were assessed for diagnoses, clinical symptoms, and self-reported symptoms. A virtual reality-continuous performance test was conducted under four conditions: control, no-cue, visual cue, and visual/audio cue. A quantitativecomparison of the participants’ head movements was conducted in three dimensions using a head-mounted display in a VR classroom environment. Task-irrelevant head movements were analyzed separately, considering the dimension of movement needed to perform the VR-CPT.ResultsThe magnitude of head movement, especially task-irrelevant head movement, significantly correlated with the current standard of clinical assessment in the ADHD group. Regarding the four conditions, head movement showed changes according to the complexity of social cues in both the ADHD and healthy control groups.ConclusionChildren and adolescents with ADHD showed decreasing task-irrelevant movements in the presence of social stimuli toward the intended orientation. As a proof-of-concept study, this study preliminarily identifies the potential of VR as a tool to understand and investigate the classroom behavior of children with ADHD in a controlled, systematic manner. (shrink)

이 논문은 호굉이 사용했던 인(仁) 개념의 의미와 그 영향에 대해 고찰하였다. 호굉은 인(仁)이 천지의 마음처럼 만물을 낳는 생명력을 지니며, 천지 변화의 모든 것을 관통한다고 생각했다. 그리고 사람들은 인을 실현함으로써 현실의 세계에서 천지라는 근원의 세계에 동참할 수 있다고 보았다. 호굉은 사람들이 인을 실현한 상태가 ‘만물을 자기 몸으로 느끼는 것[萬物一體]’으로 간주하고, 구체적 삶 가운데 사물과 만나는 과정에서의 자기의 마음이 작동했을 때 인이 드러난다고 생각했다. 즉 우리의 마음은 늘 유동하지만 우리의 앎은 사태와의 관계에서만 생겨나고, 앎이 생겼을 때 인이 드러난다는 것이다. 호굉의 도식에서는 내 (...) 마음에 구체적 사태와 관련된 앎이 생겼을 때 인을 찾을 수 있다. 이처럼 앎을 중시하고 구체적인 현상에서 인을 파악하려는 호굉의 방법은 호상학파에게 ‘이각위인(以覺爲仁)’과 ‘관과지인(觀過知仁)’의 방법으로 이어져서 주희와 인에 관한 논쟁을 불러 일으켰다. (shrink)

본 논문은 대표적인 북학자 중 한명인 홍대용(洪大容, 1731~1783)의 세계관 변화를 고찰하고, 그의 세계관 변화 속에서 그가 일찍이 당시 수준에서 현대적인 글로컬화된 철학적 세계관을 가지고 있었음을 밝히는 것이다. 그의 세계관 변화를 고찰하는 것은 조선의 역사에서 지식인들의 세계관 변화의 추이를 대표해 살펴보는 것이다. 당시 조선 지식인들이 명(明)을 중화로 인식하고 조선을 동이(東夷)로 인식하던 것을, 명의 멸망 후 조선을 소중화(小中華)로 청(淸)을 북쪽 변방으로 인식했던 것이, 18세기에 이르러 변화했다는 것은 잘 알려진 사실이다. 이러한 변화를 대표하는 것이 홍대용의 세계관 변화이다. 홍대용의 세계관은 35세(1765~6년)에 있었던 북경 여행을 (...) 계기로 변화하기 시작하였다. 그리고 그의 말년인 50세(1780년) 전후의 작품으로 추정되는 「의산문답(醫山問答)」에 이르러서는 그의 철학적인 사유와 함께 완성된 세계관이 나타난다. 본 논문에서는 그의 세계관이 전통적 세계관에서 어떻게 어떤 내용으로 질적인 변화를 하는지, 그리고 그것의 철학적 의의가 무엇인지 밝히는 것이다. 홍대용의 학문이 원숙할 때 이른 경지는 모든 곳에 곳에 도가 있고, 그래서 모든 곳이 중심이 된다는 것이다. 홍대용의 세계 인식은 조선 지식인의 전통적 세계관인 화이관을 벗어난 것이다. 그는 지원(地圓), 지전(地轉)의 세계관을 바탕으로, 하나만의 중심을 무화(無化)시키고 전통적 화이관을 해체하였다. 이것을 현대적으로 풀이하면, 다원주의적이고 글로컬적인 세계 인식을 갖게 되었던 것이라 해석할 수 있다. 그에게 이제 도(道)는 모든 곳에 있는 것이며, 지역으로도, 종족으로도, 문화로도, 시간적으로도 각각이 모두 스스로 중심이 되는 것이다. 현재를 살아가는 우리에게 그는 지역성과 세계성이 동시에 가능해지는 현대적 의미의 글로컬라이제이션을 선구적으로 주창하고 사유했던 철학자로 해석된다. 그에게 하늘과 땅 사이에 존재하는 모든 인간은 각자의 자리에서, 인사(人事)와 천시(天時)에 따른 각자의 온전한 도(道)를 적절하게 이룰 수 있는 존재로 해석되었던 것이라 볼 수 있다. (shrink)

본 연구는 세계 문명의 생태적 관계망을 조율하는 21세기 새로운 문명관인 ‘생태 문명’의 실마리를 전통 시대 동아시아의 국제 공공성과의 연관 속에서 조선의 한반도라는 전통적 사유 공간에서 모색해보고자 했다. 구체적으로는 18세기 대표적인 북학 실학자이자 생태 사상가로 평가되는 담헌 홍대용의 철학사상을 21세기 동서 통합의 새로운 ‘생태적 연대 문명’이라는 현재적 의미로 재구성하는 데 맞춰졌다. 그 문제 설정은 기본적으로 기존의 동서 보편 문명관에 내장된 ‘주변부’에 대한 ‘중심부’의 양분적이고 차별적인 기제에 주목하는 데서 출발한다. 홍대용의 생태철학은 직접적으로는 동양적 문명 범주에 내재된 ‘중화 대 이적’이라는 절대적 타자를 상정하는 (...) 차별 기제의 해체 문제와 관련된다. 동양적 문명론 범주에서 보면 국제 공공성 범주는 ‘중화주의’라는 불완전한 중세적 보편 문명론과 맞닿아 있다. 전통 시대 동아시아 세계에서 ‘중화’는 문명의 단수로 존재하여 중심적 가치를 거부하는 주변국들을 원천적으로 문명의 범주로부터 봉쇄하여 야만국으로 폄하하는 논리적 장치를 구동해 왔다. 이러한 계서적 국제 규범은 중국 중심의 천하관인 ‘화이론’에 기초한다. 홍대용의 ‘문명생태주의’는 다원성과 타자성을 포용하는 미래적 가치의 ‘다주체·다중심의 공생주의 문명관’에 근접한다. 그의 탈중심화 담론은 물·아가 지양되는 진리의 전체상인 ‘천시天視’로부터 획득된 것이다. 담헌은 중심과 주변이라는 인·물, 지地·성星, 내·외, 화·이, 춘추·역외춘추 등의 대립 구도를 상대화하는 한편 이 양자의 동시긍정이라는 ‘연대적 동일성’을 지향한다. 이것은 인식론적으로 상대주의를 견지하면서도 궁극적으로는 천의 시각에서 존재의 평등성을 관찰해가는 구상인 것이다. 자기의 중심성을 벗어나 공평무사하게 ‘천의 관점’에 입각해보면 그 누구도 중심이 될 수 없으며 수평적 관계의 대등함만이 존재할 뿐이다. 이 동일성의 철학은 인물균, 지성균地星均을 거쳐 종국에는 ‘화이일華夷一’에까지 관통된다. 그리고 그것은 과거 문명 강권주의가 구획해놓은 중심과 주변, 주체와 객체, 보편과 다원, 근대와 전통, 서양과 동양 등의 방대한 양분적 구조를 희석시키는 데 두루 관철된다. 담헌의 문명생태주의는 과거의 전통 시대에는 특권적 중심 문화를 향한 소외된 주변 문화의 결손된 권리 찾기였다면 이제 그것은 생명의 존엄성에 입각한 우리는 하나라는 상호 동일성의 ‘평화공존의식’이라 할 것이다. (shrink)

We present a one per cent measurement of the cosmic distance scale from the detections of the baryon acoustic oscillations in the clustering of galaxies from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey, which is part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III. Our results come from the Data Release 11 sample, containing nearly one million galaxies and covering approximately 8500 square degrees and the redshift range 0.2 < z < 0.7. We also compare these results with those from the publicly released (...) DR9 and DR10 samples. Assuming a concordance Λ cold dark matter cosmological model, the DR11 sample covers a volume of 13 Gpc3 and is the largest region of the Universe ever surveyed at this density. We measure the correlation function and power spectrum, including density-field reconstruction of the BAO feature. The acoustic features are detected at a significance of over 7σ in both the correlation function and power spectrum. Fitting for the position of the acoustic features measures the distance relative to the sound horizon at the drag epoch, rd, which has a value of rd,fid = 149.28 Mpc in our fiducial cosmology. We find DV = at z = 0.32 and DV = at z = 0.57. At 1.0 per cent, this latter measure is the most precise distance constraint ever obtained from a galaxy survey. Separating the clustering along and transverse to the line of sight yields measurements at z = 0.57 of DA = and H =. Our measurements of the distance scale are in good agreement with previous BAO measurements and with the predictions from cosmic microwave background data for a spatially flat CDM model with a cosmological constant. © 2014 The Author Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. (shrink)

Cultural factors are operating in the aesthetic experience of pictorial realism, occurring in a transcultural manner, and their effects are salient in beholder’s affective reaction correlated with perceptual-cognitive operation. This paper aims to demonstrate this hypothesis, by developing two analytical tools that might explain the anti-hedonic valence of Hong Taeyong, an eighteenth-century Korean literatus’ aesthetic experience of a Western religious fresco depicting the Lamentation of Christ in a Jesuit Catholic church in Beijing. First, a complex multifold conflict between «actual (...) affect» and culturally modeled «ideal affect», operating simultaneously in his visual experience, might be translated into a highly negative valence of his global affective state. Second, the variance of processing fluencies at different levels would have made his global processing operation less fluid, and it might play a role in his negative affective valence, since the affect is inherent in processing fluency signal. (shrink)

이 글은 17세기에 활동한 대구지역 3세대 유학자들의 성리학적 특징을 규명하기 위해 채몽연, 도성유, 서사선을 시론적으로 살펴본 것이다. 이들은 정구와 2세대 유학자인 서사원, 손처눌 등에게 학문적 훈습을 받았으며, 평소 지역의 문풍 쇄신과 후진 양성에 힘쓰다 임병양난 때에는 스승을 따라 의병활동에 참여하는 등 사회적 실천에도 적극적이었다. 이러한 활동은 이들의 학문이 감정의 미발 상태에 이루어지는 정좌구중의 경의지학에 기반하고 있으면서 이학인 장자와 불교까지 포용하는 학문적 유연성을 통한 현실과의 긴장 관계를 유지하는 데에서 비롯되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 더불어 이는 정구의 회통적 학문, 즉 퇴계학과 남명학을 넘어 (...) 통합의 성격을 더욱 확장하는 계기가 되었다. 여기서는 이러한 보편적 특징이 이 세 인물들에게 어떻게 나타나고 있는지를 그들의 삶에 두드러진 흔적을 중심으로 정리하면서 그 사상적 특징을 구체적으로 해명했다. 이제 여기서 얻은 성과를 기준으로 당대의 인물들을 확대 검토함으로써 논의를 진전시켜나가는 과제가 남아있다. (shrink)

고청 서기와 구봉 송익필은 조선중기 신분적 제약 속에서도 수양과 학문에 정진하여 기호유학에 큰 업적을 남긴 유학자이다. 두 사람은 태어나면서부터 신분적 굴레에 얽매여 과거시험을 통한 관직의 길이 막혔지만, 그에 굴하지 않고 평생 동안 투철한 선비정신의 실천모습을 공통적으로 보여준다. 이들은 같은 시대를 살면서 교유하기도 하였으며, 두 사람 모두에게 가르침을 받은 송준길의 부친 송이창을 통하여, 충청 기호유학 형성 기반에 큰 영향을 남기고 있다. 이처럼 성리학을 국가제도의 기본이념으로 하는 조선중엽의 사회에서, 신분 차별과 관직의 길이 막힌 현실적 질곡을 극복하고 유학자로서 큰 업적을 남긴 두 사람의 (...) 실천정신 근저에는 고도(古道)를 지향한 도학정신이 자리한다. 두 사람이 공통적으로 추구한 실천정신에는, 탕(湯)임금이 설파한 ‘입현무방(立賢無方)’의 유가본래의 평등과 소통정신을 찾을 수 있다. 이는 『대학』에서 공자가 말한 왕도(王道)실천원리인 ‘혈구지도(絜矩之道)’와 그 맥을 같이한다. 아울러 두 사람이 추구한 평등과 소통의 실천적인 선비정신은, 오늘날 다문화와 다종교로 인한 갈등과 분쟁이 많이 발생하고 있는 현대사회에서 거울로 삼아 본받고 실천할 수 있는 정신적 귀감으로서 큰 의의를 지닌다. (shrink)

Ethics education has become essential in modern engineering. Ethics education in engineering has been increasingly implemented worldwide. It can improve ethical behaviors in technology and engineering design under the guidance of the philosophy of technology. Hence, this study aims to compare China-US engineering ethics education in Sino-Western philosophies of technology by using literature studies, online surveys, observational researches, textual analyses, and comparative methods. In my original theoretical framework and model of input and output for education, six primary variables emerge in (...) the pedagogy: disciplinary statuses, educational goals, instructional contents, didactic models, teaching methods, and edificatory effects. I focus on the similarities and differences of engineering ethics educations between China and the US in Chinese and Western philosophies of technology. In the field of engineering, the US tends toward applied ethics training, whereas China inclines toward practical moral education. The US is the leader, particularly in the amount of money invested and engineering results. China has quickened its pace, focusing specifically on engineering labor input and output. Engineering ethics is a multiplayer game effected at various levels among lower level technicians and engineers, engineering associations, and stockholders; middle ranking engineering ethics education, the ministry of education, the academy of engineering, and the philosophy of technology; and top national and international technological policies. I propose that professional engineering ethics education can play many important roles in reforming engineering social responsibility by international cooperation in societies that are becoming increasingly reliant on engineered devices and systems. Significantly, my proposals contribute to improving engineering ethics education and better-solving engineering ethics issues, thereby maximizing engineering sustainability. (shrink)

Compared with the large number of studies on reading of children with hearing loss in alphabetic languages, there are only a very limited number of studies on reading of Chinese-speaking children with HL. It remains unclear how phonological, orthographic, and semantic skills contribute to reading fluency of Chinese school-age children with HL. The present study explored this issue by examining the performances of children with HL on reading fluency and three linguistic skills compared with matched controls with normal hearing. Specifically, (...) twenty-eight children with HL and 28 chronological-age-matched children with NH were tested on word/sentence reading fluency, phonological awareness which was composed of onset/vowel/lexical tone awareness, orthographic knowledge, and semantic competence which comprised animal word identification, pseudo-homophone detection, and word segmentation. Results showed that children with HL lagged behind their peers with NH in WRF/SRF and most of the phonological, orthographic, and semantic subskills except onset awareness and pseudo-homophone detection. Furthermore, the significant contributors to WRF differed between the two groups with PA being the significant contributor in the children with NH while OK being the significant contributor in the children with HL. However, the significant contributor to SRF did not differ between the two groups with SC being the only significant contributor. These results revealed not only between-group differences but also similarities in the relative contributions of PA, OK, and SC to reading fluency at both word and sentence levels, which has practical implications for developing better training programs to improve reading for children with HL. (shrink)

Although the composition of the board of directors has important implications for different aspects of firm performance, prior studies tend to focus on financial performance. The effects of board composition on corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance remain an under-researched area, particularly in the period following the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). This article specifically examines two important aspects of board composition (i.e., the presence of outside directors and the presence of women directors) and their relationship with CSR (...) performance in the Post-SOX era. With data covering over 500 of the largest companies listed on the U.S. stock exchanges and spanning 64 different industries, we find empirical evidence showing that greater presence of outside and women directors is linked to better CSR performance within a firm’s industry. Treating CSR performance as the reflection of a firm’s moral legitimacy, our study suggests that deliberate structuring of corporate boards may be an effective approach to enhance a firm’s moral legitimacy. (shrink)

Teacher's emotions have been shown to be highly important in the quality and effectiveness of teaching and learning. There is a recognized need to examine the essential role of teacher's emotions in students' academic achievement. However, the influence of teacher's displays of emotions on students' outcomes in small-group interaction activities, especially in the online environment, has received little attention in prior research. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between teacher's different emotional displays and students' perceptions (...) of the teacher's competence, as well as students' collaborative feelings and productivity in online small-group discussions. Using a three-level between-subjects design, 74 participants were randomly divided into four-member groups comprising a teacher and three other participants. All the groups were asked to discuss an open-ended realistic problem using online software, during which the teacher's display of emotions varied. The participants' self-reported questionnaire data and productivity were measured to compare the participants who were exposed to different emotional displays. As expected, the results showed that the participants who received the teacher's positive emotional display reported that they experienced higher levels of pleasure during the task. However, in contrast to our expectations, those under the negative emotional display condition showed a significantly higher level of productivity in the group task. In addition, compared to emotional display, the participants' perceptions of the teacher's competence were rated significantly higher under the neutral condition, and they reported higher levels of collaborative satisfaction and greater willingness to continue collaborating with their group. The findings have the potential benefit of informing educational practice on whether teachers should display their emotions in a small-group discussion or how they should display emotions following adjustment for the relative aim of the teaching activities. (shrink)

This study experimentally tests our proposed extended present bias hypothesis—discount factor increases over the proximate future and eventually approaches constancy, but remains distinct from unity in the remote future. Using front-end delay and a post-dated check for payment, discount factors are elicited for three seven-day durations: between 2 and 9 days later, between 31 and 38 days later, and between 301 versus 308 days later. We find support for diminishing discounting between the proximate and intermediate comparisons, but not between the (...) intermediate and the remote comparisons. The findings validate our extended present bias hypothesis. (shrink)

1. Mŏrimal -- 2. Inyŏm taerip kwa chŏngch'i hyŏnsil -- 3. Kŏdae han ch'akkak -- 4. Chayu sasang ŭi pyŏnch'ŏn kwa posu chŏngsin -- 5. T'arinyŏmjŏk inyŏm ŭi ppuri -- 6. Posujuŭi chŏngsin ŭi chaebalgyŏn -- 7. Sasil, chinsil kwa sahoe t'onghap -- 8. Maejŭmmal : yŏmwŏn kwa hyŏnsil.

This article takes its retrospective lead from the oppressive schooling years during the Chinese Cultural Revolution to reflect on the educational significance of artistic activities through considering aesthetic virtues and moral agency cultivated in these activities. Describing an unconventional educational milieu where schooling was deliberately ‘dismantled’, I emphasize the important role that artistic endeavours can play in building a person’s aesthetic strength and moral power to overcome the adversity of life, hence for the fuller human development. By blending philosophical discussion (...) with historical manifestation, I stress the less articulated educational discourse that makes dance relevant to the educational formation of epistemic virtues and moral sensibilities. Joining in the emerging efforts to improving the worlds of schools, curricula, and pedagogies, I argue that the contingent integration of different histories, life conditions, and social and cultural discourses are ‘transformative’ sites for pedagogy. Thus, I seek to shed historically fresh light on the ways of thinking of schooling, education, and the arts for hope and possibility to ultimately argue for ways that can speak to the diversity of global societies today. (shrink)

This study investigated the effect of non-task language in language switching experiment. Non-task language refers to participants’ language(s) (regardless of proficiency level) that are not used in any trials throughout the experiment. We recruited 60 Tibetan-Chinese-English trilinguals (grade-12 high school students with a median age of 17) to perform a lexical decision (word vs. non-word) task in only two of their languages. We repeated the experiment three times to present each language pair once. In each experiment, the participants were divided (...) into two groups which significantly contrasted with each other in their non-task language while remained comparable in the two task languages. Response time (RT) and error rate (ER) have been examined to evaluate task performance. The interaction between task performance and the participants’ proficiency in the non-task language was also examined. The results showed null effect of language switching. In addition, the effect of the non-task language was not found. These results were interpreted with reference to the main models of bilingual visual word recognition and the role of orthography specificity. (shrink)

Previous studies have focused on individuals learning from observing a model to be able to produce the modeled behavior. However, there is a lack of studies emphasizing the perspective of being observed to understand the role of perceived value and stress when teachers act as a teaching model. To address this gap, the present study explored the correlates between teachers’ teaching beliefs, perceived value, psychosocial stress, and continuous intention to be the observed teaching model in classroom observations. Data of 349 (...) respondents were usefully collected, and confirmatory factor analysis with structural equation modeling was performed. Results showed that teachers’ constructivist belief in teaching was positively related to perceived value of being observed and getting feedback, but was negatively related to psychosocial stress. Perceived value was positively related to continuous intention to be observed in future classroom observations, but perceived psychosocial stress was not significantly related to continuous intention. The results of this study can be applied to encourage those who are resistant to presenting their teaching experience in classroom observations. (shrink)

Meaning in life has been widely recognized as a hallmark of psychological well-being and positive youth development. The goal of this study was to validate the Korean version of the Meaning in Life in Children Questionnaire utilizing the framework suggested by the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. Data were obtained from 277 fifth graders aged 10–11 in three elementary schools in Seoul and Gyeonggi through a paper-and-pencil survey. We translated the MIL-CQ, a 21-item self-report measure developed based on Frankl’s (...) “meaning triangle,” into Korean. Psychological well-being measures were also assessed. Validity and reliability data were collected. The content of domains and items was appropriate for measuring MIL among children. A three-factor model consisting of attitude, creativity, and experience pathways was extracted via exploratory factor analysis, and a three-factor hierarchical model including attitude, creativity, and experience as first-order factors and MIL as a second-order factor was confirmed via confirmatory factor analysis. Higher levels of MIL were related to higher levels of satisfaction with life, self-esteem, positive affectivity, and lower levels of negative affectivity. All item fit statistics were acceptable based on the Rasch model. The analysis of the measurement invariance of each item showed that the responses to one item varied by gender, suggesting that additional items might facilitate better measurement of MIL in children. This study provides validity and reliability evidence that K-MIL-CQ is appropriate for measuring MIL among South Korean elementary school students. (shrink)